The river that runs through your brain Every night, while you drift into sleep, a quiet river runs through your brain. You don’t feel it or hear it, but this invisible flow may be one of the most important systems keeping your mind clear and your memories alive. Only a little over a decade ago, scientists discovered this hidden network — the glymphatic system — a series of microscopic channels that act as the brain’s cleaning crew. Like night-shift workers in a great city, th

When the first symptoms of motor neurone disease (MND) appear — a weak hand, a twitching muscle, a stumble that feels “off” — life can suddenly divide into before and after. MND can feel merciless, but science continues to search for signs of hope. One such sign comes from a nutrient most people associate with energy and tiredness: Vitamin B12. An old vitamin with a new story Vitamin B12 is not just another supplement. It acts like the body’s electrician, wiring and protectin

When two shadows overlap IBM and ALS can appear similar in their earliest stages, and this confusion is not rare. In one biopsy-confirmed clinical series, around 13 percent of patients later proven to have IBM were initially misdiagnosed as ALS or another motor neuron disorder (Dabby et al., 2001). Their electromyography (EMG) results showed nerve-like irritation — fibrillations, fasciculations, and motor-unit remodelling — yet, none went on to develop the hallmark upper-moto